【元佑年第二届考课试题答案及得分配比】
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解答：</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">材料分析题（4</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分）：</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">1</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、因为《防夷五事》是从各方面限制外国商人在中国贸易，所以实行的是“闭关政策”。（<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="’"><span lang="EN-US">2’</span></chmetcnv>）<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、原因有二：一是害怕宁波“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将又成一粤省之澳门矣”，即害怕资本主义侵略事例乘机深入</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">；二是清政府自傲自大，认为“天朝物产丰盈，无所不有”，无须与外国互通有无</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。自然经济占统治地位，是清政府实行闭关政策的重要原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">3</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、使中国一直居于世界领先地位的航海事业开始落后<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>，阻碍了中国资本主义萌芽的发展<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>；使中国丧失了对外贸易的主动权<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>，在生产发展和科学技术上开始落后于世界<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、问答题：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治上</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="’">2’</chmetcnv>)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">：</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">①秦朝始建君主专制中央集权制。（<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’"><span lang="EN-US">1’</span></chmetcnv>）②西汉解决了王国问题：“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，从而使<personname wst="on" productid="封建">封建</personname>君主中央集权制度得以巩固和发展。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">经济上<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="’">4’</chmetcnv>)</span>：①秦统一度量衡、货币等，有利于各地经济交流<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>，但兵役、徭役和赋税繁重，又影响了经济的发展。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>②汉代采取休养生息政策，轻徭薄役<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>；注重更新生菜技术和工具，使得农业比前代更加发达（<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".5" unitname="’"><span lang="EN-US">0.5’</span></chmetcnv>），手工业水平显著进步<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue=".5" unitname="’">0.5’</chmetcnv>)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">民族关系上<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="4" unitname="’">4’</chmetcnv>)</span>：①秦朝始建统一的多民族封建国家。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>②汉代与各民族联系进一步加强，张骞、班超先后出使西域<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>；设置西域都护<span lang="EN-US">,</span>北击匈奴，扫除了西域与内地联系的障碍<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>；西汉在西南少数民族的去社郡县，加强了联系<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">对外关系上<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3" unitname="’">3’</chmetcnv>)</span>：①秦朝对外关系尚不发达。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>②西汉“丝绸之路”的形成，促进了中国同西亚、欧洲的商贸联系；<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>东汉甘英远达波斯湾，大秦王亦派使臣来中国，中国同欧洲国家已开始直接友好往来。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">文化上<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="2" unitname="’">2’</chmetcnv>)</span>：①秦朝焚书坑儒，摧残了文化。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span>②汉代文化较前大大发展，出现了一批领先世界的成就，如造纸术、地动仪、《九章算术》、“麻沸散”等。<span lang="EN-US">(<chmetcnv wst="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="1" unitname="’">1’</chmetcnv>)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho";"><p></p></span></p>